Medical History | Esophagus

Historical Aspects

Historical Aspects of the Anatomy of the Esophagus:

Aristotle
384B.C. – 322B.C.
he was able to
distinguish between the
airways and the
esophagus

Celsus
25 B.C.- A.D.50
Roman
he wrote about the
esophagus which he called
stomachus and the
stomach which he called stomachus as well
and sometimes ventriculus

Talmud
4 th century A.D.
Judaic culture had
knowledge of the
esophagus

century A.D. Rufus icterus classification with fevers with bile duct obstruction or with abscess 5th century A.D. Caelius Aurelianus notes urine discoloration with cirrhosis 11th century A.D. Anglo-Saxon chronicle notes meat intolerance in cirrhosis 1400-1500 Metlinger jaundice of newborn 1600-1700 Shakespeare and hepatic coma Sir Andrew Aguecheck goes into hepatic coma due to meat intolerance 1700-1800 Boerhaave links jaundice of hepatitis to bile duct obstruction Morgagni pathologic studies of jaundice cancer jaundice Baillie alcoholism and cirrhosis 1800-1900 Laennec proposes the term cirrhosis Bremser describes echinococcosis Griffin modern account of hepatic coma Bright clinico-pathologic entity of pyogenic liver abscess Becquerel cardiac cirrhosis Rokitansky names acute yellow atrophy Abercombie describes ruptured liver in pregnancy Van Deen describes chronic perihepatitis Budd describes Budd- Chiari Syndrome Flint describes renal faiure and cirrhosis Troisier describes hemochromatosis Orth describes kernicterus coined by Schmorl Hanot describes the entity of primary biliary cirrhosis Sabourin notes association of cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma Lurman serum hepatitis Westphal depicts entity Wilson’s disease Hanot and Schachmann coin term “bronze diabetes” Gilbert introduces term “portal hypertension” 1900-2000 Gilbert and Lereboullet describe Gilbert’s disease Kayser and later Fleischer describe corneal rings in Wilson’s disease Mallory describes alcoholic hepattis Yamagawa two major types of hepatocellular carcinoma Wilson describes Wilson’s syndrome Cockayne describes epidemic jaundice Helwig and Schutz coin term “hepatorenal syndrome” Waldenstrom describes chronic active hepatitis Ahrens coin term primary biliary cirrhosis Dubin and Johnson describe Dubin-Johnson syndrome Conn describes spontaneus bacterial peritonitis Klatskin describes Klatskin tumor Prine describe a third viral

3000-2000 BC – Babylonians divine sheeps’ livers; the belief that the liver is the seat of the soul is probably due to its size, warmth, and enrichment with blood and therefore the repository of life. They recognized and mentioned the gall bladder, cytic duct, and bile ducts

Table of events

3000-2000 BC – Babylonians divine the sheep’s liver due to the belief that the liver was the seat of the soul; this was probably because of its size, warmth, and enrichment with
blood, making it the repository of life.

Ancient Greeks and Romans saw the liver as the seat of emotion and the seat of life and hence its name.
Mythologic figure Prometheus

500-400 BC – Hippocrates: The liver supplies the brain with blood.

Diogenes: There is double circulation, with the liver on one side.

400-300 BC – Etruscans’ hepatoscopy.

Plato: The liver is the nutritive soul.

Socrates: The liver is sweet.

Heropilus makes the first accurate description of the human liver.

Erastistratus: The liver is a capillary bed.

100-0 BC- Celsus describes the liver as four-lobed.

0-100 AD – Rufus describes the liver as five-lobed.

100-200A.D. – Aretaeus of Cappadocia understood that the portal vein drained the stomach and intestines to the liver and then to the inferior vena cava.

100-200 AD – Galen: The liver as the dominant organ

1400-1500 AD – Da Vinci: The heart and not liver is the origin of circulation

1500-1600 – Vesalius misconceives the portal circulation.

1600 – 1700 – Shakespeare refers to the liver in “Love’s Labors Lost.”

Aselli rediscovers mesenteric lacteals.

Harvey formulates correct theory about general circulation of the blood.

Waleus describes the liver’s capsule.

Vesling reports a bifurcation of a portal vein.

Bartholin dethrones the liver.

“Glisson contributes to understanding of the anatomy of the liver and liver capsule.
In ancient times the liver was thought to be the seat of the soul. The Roman physician Galen (c.AD 130-200) gave it the central role in the functioning of the human body – the organ which took food from the gut and transformed it into blood. These teachings were not questioned until the 17th century when the English physician Francis Glisson, published the first book devoted exclusively to the anatomy of the liver. First published in 1654 it was also the first book printed in England to give a detailed account, based on original research, of a single organ. Glisson used advanced methods such as the injection of coloured liquids and casts which enabled him to illustrate the vessels of the liver. It gives the first accurate description of the capsule of the liver (Glisson’s capsule), its blood supply, and the sphincter of the bile duct (Glisson’s sphincter).”

Wepfer describes lobular pattern of a pig’s liver.

Malpighi: The liver is a conglomerate gland

1700-1800 – Haller: Human hepatic lobation

1800-1900 – Hernan: The hepatic lobule

Brissaud/Sabourin: The portal lobule